IGBT Test Procedures
The term IGBT is an acronym for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. It can be thought of as a Transistor with a MOSFET front end. It has three terminals (or leads) labeled Gate, Collector and Emitter. Some IGBT’s have a built in protection diode. This diode is connected across the Collector and Emitter terminals. It is added for transient voltage protection when the IGBT is switching Inductive loads.
When these devices are considered ‘suspect’ it is necessary to validate their operation through a functional test procedure. One of two methods can be used:
The first test method will validate the condition of the protection diode, and the resistance of the Collector and Emitter terminals. It is not a definitive test, but will find 80% of all faulty devices. This is due to the fact that most faulty IGBT’s show a low resistance or short across the Collector and Emitter terminals when the device is stressed.
To perform this test will require a DVM (Digital-Volt-Meter). Set the DVM to the Diode Test position, and confirm that the device tests as follows:
Attach the Red Lead of the DVM to the Collector Terminal and Black Lead to the Emitter Terminal. Confirm an open circuit condition.
Attach the Red Lead of the DVM to the Emitter Terminal and Black Lead to the Collector Terminal. Confirm an open circuit condition (IGBT without a protection diode). If the DVM displays a forward voltage drop of 0.2 to 0.8 VDC it means that the IGBT has a built in protection diode. Both of these results are normal test conditions and are used to confirm whether the IGBT has a protection diode, and if it does, whether it is functional or not.
The second test method will check the IGBT’s functionality, by gating the device. To perform this test will require an IGBT Tester. Confirm that the device tests as follows:
Attach the IGBT Tester leads to the Gate, Collector and Emitter Terminals. Confirm that the device Conduction LED is not lit.
Press the Test Button, and confirm that the Conduction LED lights.
Reverse the Collector and Emitter leads. Do not press the Test Button. If the Conduction LED lights the IGBT has a built in protection diode. This is a normal test condition for this type of device. If the Conduction LED does not light then the IGBT does not have a built in protection diode. This is also a normal test condition for this type of device.
It is important to note that Functional test of the IGBT should always be performed when the device is out-of-circuit. In other words, it should be removed from the product and have no other electrical connections in place, other than those outlined in the Test procedure.
Tennis Elbow – Is Using Heat Good For It?
Today I spoke online with someone suffering from Tennis Elbow. A medical professional had told him to use heat on the area, but it didn’t seem to be helping.
He wanted to know if using heat was good for Tennis Elbow. What do you think?
What Does Heat Do?
Applying heat brings blood to the area. For various reasons, when heat is applied to the skin, the body pushes blood to the area. Blood basically comes from the arteries into the muscles and skin.
Many people use heat for various aches and pain because it makes them feel better. And it usually does, because most muscle pain is due to the lack of new blood in the muscle. New blood brings new oxygen and new nutrition to the muscle, and the muscle likes that.
But due to the many factors of why a person in hurting in the first place, very soon the muscle again experiences reduced circulation and lacks the best amount of oxygen and nutrition, and irritants get trapped in the area too.
So using heat is really good because it helps the muscle get the nutrition it needs to be happy and healthy.
If the amount of circulation was the only issue, heat would be all you need. But have you ever noticed that when people use heat because it reduces pain, it doesn’t actually fix anything, and they continue to hurt after the benefit of the heat wears off?
The Problem of using Heat and Tennis Elbow.
In the very early stages of Tennis Elbow, heat can be a real help. It is unlikely to reverse the growing problem, but when the elbow pain dynamic is beginning, heat can help the body fight it off and stay mostly pain free for a longer period of time.
However, most people ignore their pain until it becomes a real problem. And by then, using just heat can actually hurt you more than help you.
Because of the way Inflammation and the Pain Causing Dynamic works, when heat brings new blood to the area, it may feel better briefly, but what you don’t feel is that new fluid gets trapped in the area, along with pain enhancing chemical and normal metabolic waste.
Because Inflammation traps fluid in the area, you can actually have cell damage due to starvation because nutrition has a harder time getting through all the extra fluid to feed the cells.
The way the Tendonitis dynamic works in the body, and the way heat works with the body, heat cannot reverse the dynamic, nor really help it.
Having said that, if you alternate heat with cold, you can get an incredible circulatory effect. But make sure to always finish on cold.
Heat tries to help, but despite its best intentions, actually hurts you.
Your VPN Doctor for Virtual Private Network Troubleshooting VPN Guide
Here are some troubleshooting guides for particular topics.
(1) Your Virtual Network Connection
(2) VPN Troubleshooting Error Messages
(3) VPN Modems Troubleshooting Guide
(4) VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide.
(1) Your Virtual Private Network Connection
Having trouble connecting to the Internet at home try these steps before calling for help.
1. Do you have an IP address? Try ipconfig /all. If you do not have an IP address reboot your PC. If that doesnt work power cycle your Cable/DSL modem and routers and reboot your PC again after the network devices are up and stable. Be sure all of your network cables are plugged in tight.
2. After your PC reboots check that your network adapter is active and packets are flowing. Perform the ipconfig /all check again.
3. Check your connectivity by pinging several Internet sites. If that does not work, ping the loopback address 127.0.0.1. If that fails, your adapter may not be working or it is not properly configured.
To check your IP address. From command prompt enter ipconfig /all (as shown in the picture) you should see an IP Address and several DNS Server addresses. The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into IP addresses and is required for browsing the Internet.
Ping 127.0.0.1 – loopback Test (as shown in the picture). The loopback test is used to check if the IP stack is responding. If it times out or you get an error the problem may occur if any one or more of the following conditions is true:
*The TCP drivers are corrupted
*The network adapter is not working
*Another service is interfering with IP
Check your network adapter, click the Start menu, Settings, Control Panel, and select Network Connections. Double click on the Local Area Connection or the Wireless Adapter whichever one you are using. Be sure its Connected. If you have multiple network cards disable the one you are not using.
There should be Packets displayed in both the Sent and Received counters. If the Received counter is 0 check that the adapter has an IP address. Select Properties.
Click the check boxes for Show icon and Notify me below. A twin PC icon will appear on the lower right portion of the taskbar in the tray area and will flash while sending and receiving packets. You can place your mouse over the icon to get the status and click on it to get more details.
Tracert displays the connection path to the target location and the number of hops. Each hop is the trip from one router to another. Tracert is a handy tool both for understanding where problems are in the network and for determining latency between hops.
Ping is used to determine whether a host exists and is active on the network and can determine the round trip time to the device. You can enter a host name or an IP address if you know it. If the request times out then the host is not reachable because it’s offline or there is a problem with the connection. Try several sites, if none work then ping the loopback address 127.0.0.1 Also, if your DNS is not working or properly configured you can only ping the host with an IP address and you will not be able to browse the Internet.
If you are having intermittent problems, perform a ping -t for 5 to 6 minutes then hit CTRL C to see the results of the test to determine if you are dropping network packets (lost packets). If you are, this usually indicates an ISP problem or Cable/DSL modem problem. See VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide
(2) VPN Troubleshooting Error Messages
Q1 Error Message: Remote Host not responding: or Unable to Resolve the IP address of the Remote Server
Cause: This indicates that the Contivity VPN Switch never responded to the connection attempt. The problem could either be with the Contivity switch itself, (switch may be down) or your machine may be having a problem resolving the IP address.
Action: Try pinging your destination name (Example: VPN.something.com). If you received a message that says “Request Timed Out” from the ping command, call your ISP to make sure that their DNS is functioning correctly.
Q2 Error Message: Maximum number of sessions reached
Cause: This indicates that the maximum number of users for the account you are using are currently logged on.
Action: If you are the only user with VPN to your account, it is possible to get this error if you restarted a connection immediately after losing the dial-up connection to your ISP. This is because the Contivity VPN Switch takes up to one hour to determine that your connection has been dropped and log you off from your account.
Q3 Error Message: Login failed, Please consult the switch log for further information
Cause: The User Name or the Password is incorrect for the user name entered.
Action: Verify that the User Name you entered is correct and retype the Password before trying the connection again.
Q4 Error Message: The physical connection has been lost
Cause: Your connection to your ISP was disconnected.
Action: Re-establish your connection to your ISP before you re-establish the Contivity connection to the remote network.
Q5 Error Message: The secure Contivity connection has been lost
This message can result due to a number of different reasons, and there are several recommended actions you can take to try and re-connect.
Cause(s):
If you receive this error before the client connects then something is blocking a necessary port (such as ESP port 50). This can result if your firewall is not configured properly and is restricting the necessary port(s).
If you receive this error during a connection and you suddenly get the error it may mean one of the following:
1. Something closed the connection;
2. The VPN Contivity switch where you were trying to connect to thought your client was down or timed out;
3. Your local ISP did something that interrupted your network connection long enough for the VPN Contivity switch to identify your client was not responding;
4. The VPN Contivity switch that you are connected to has either logged your connection off or the Switch is no longer responding, or a device that does not support IPSEC NAT Traversal is causing the connection failure.
Action(s):
1. Try re-establishing the Contivity connection by clicking the Connect button. If this works, the connection was probably lost due to the Idle Timeout configured on the Contivity VPN Switch. If no data is transferred through the Contivity connection for a long period of time, 15 minutes or more, the Contivity VPN Switch automatically disconnects the connection;
2. If you were unable to successfully re-establish the Contivity Connection, the dial-up connection may be preventing data from traveling between the Contivity VPN Client and the Contivity VPN Switch. Hang up the dial-up connection and reconnect before you try to re-establish a connection to the Contivity VPN Switch;
3. If you are still unable to connect to the Contivity VPN Switch, open a Command Prompt and try pinging the Contivity VPN Switch using the host name or address that you specified in the Destination field.
(a) If you receive a “Destination Unreachable error” there is a routing problem at the ISP.
(b) If you receive a “Request Timed Out” error message, the Contivity VPN Switch is probably not available, and you should contact your Network Administrator.
4. If you keep getting this message and are unable to connect, then it may indicate that the Contivity VPN Switch is unable to communicate with the client because it is behind some kind of NAT (Network Address Translation) device. NAT (Network Address Translation) Traversal allows a number of devices on a private network to access the Internet simultaneously without each requiring its own external IP address. Most hotels and airports that provide Internet connectivity use NAT to connect to the Internet.
Q6 Error Message: Cannot Alter Routing Table
Cause: Message means the you the user, an application on your machine, or your ISP attempted to change the routing table via an ICMP redirect attempt and it was not successful. The client detects the attempt to make the change, determines it’s a security breach and shuts down the client’s connection. Any time you make a VPN connection, you cannot change the routing table, because the VPN Client views this as a security risk and you will get disconnected.
Some applications require an ICMP redirection in order to work such as a game or other third party software.
Action: If you receive this error and cant connect due to an ICMP redirect attempt, shut down any other applications you are using which may be causing the ICMP redirect attempt. If it is the ISP that is doing it, you will need to block the ICMP redirect request. You can identify that ICMP redirect has occurred, by seeing a message saying there has been an IP address routing table change.
Q7 Error Message: Receiving Banner Text Information
Cause: Message means you are experiencing a Banner Sock issue, and will see a window displaying the “Receiving Banner Text” message and then gets disconnected.
Actions:
1. Disable the firewall completely to test. This is a port 500 issue and often means that the you have a personal Firewall that is blocking port 500 or you have a router that does not support IPSEC pass-through, and the you are connecting to a VPN switch that does not have NAT Traversal enabled.
2. If using wireless, temporarily remove Wireless from the picture and focus on the Ethernet card. Check the Ethernet card speed and duplex parameters and then make sure that the hub, switch, or router that is on the other end has the same parameters. If not, the VPN connection will drop as the link goes up and down, or due to a large number of errors on the port from a duplex and or speed mismatch.
3. Firewall that blocks the connection, such that system will crash. (This will rarely happen) NSDF (Norton Symantec Desktop Firewall) and NSPF (Norton Symantec Personal Firewall) can do this though, if you do not trust the IP address of the VPN connection.
If you do not trust the VPN address of the VPN client, the firewall will cause you to crash. In your Internet browser click on “Tools > Internet Options > Security > Trusted Sites > Sites” and add the destination VPN address(es) to your trusted sites.
Q8 Error Message: You already have the maximum number of adapters installed
Cause: You may have installed to many virtual adapters in your IP Stack
Actions:
1. Remove any unnecessary adapters;
2. Create multiple boot scenarios disabling the adapters that are not required for that function;
3. You may also get Banner Sock errors on Win 95 & 98 units with this condition;
4. For more information, see this Microsoft article: KB217744: Unable to Bind Protocols to More Than 5 Network Adapters (copy and paste into the search tool bar > enter).
Q9 Upgrade Errors: The following are some errors that may occur when trying to upgrade / install the Nortel VPN Client 4.65
Error (1): Failed to get Registry key value for NT_IPSECSHM
Cause: This is caused because an important registry key that cannot be found in the system registry.
Actions:
1. Uninstall and Reinstall the VPN Software
Error (2): Login Failure due to: Driver Failure
Cause: This is generally caused by either not having Admin rights to the PC or by trying to install/use a Nortel VPN client that predates the operating system.
Actions:
1. Ensure that you have admin rights to the PC.
2. Update/Install the most current version of the Nortel VPN client.
Error (3): Create socket failed with 10048.
Cause: This problem generally will occur whenever you have another VPN client software installed on the system. The most noted conflicting clients are: AOL, Cisco VPN Client(s), SSH Sentinel and PGP.
Actions:
1. Removing these clients will in most cases, resolve the issue.
(3) VPN Modems Troubleshooting Guide
Q1 Are Cable Modems supported for VPN Access?
Yes, you can use cable modems for VPN access. However you must be aware of the following conditions and be able to work within them:
*Some cable modems require that you log into an NT network to get authenticated.
*Some cable modems use a client similar to the Extranet Client for VPN and both will not run at the same time.
*Some cable modem Contracts/Acceptable Use Policies specify that you cannot use them for business purposes or they want to charge you another fee to use them for business purposes. Make sure you read your contract thoroughly.
*Your Cable modem provider is your ISP. Please see the VPN-connection-guide.html”>ISP Troubleshooting Guide for more information.
Q2 Why does my modem seem to perform erratically?
Always make sure that you do not let the operating system select a generic modem. If required, go to the appropriate web site for the vendor of the modem and get the updated INF file so that the proper parameters are configured for the modem.
Q3 Why do I always seem to get a slower connection speed than others with the same modem?
1. Always check the modem configuration to verify that its maximum speed has been selected.
2. It is common when auto-installing modems that the highest speed is not selected automatically.
3. Do not check the box that says run at maximum speed only.
Q4 I plugged my modem into the phone line at the hotel or customers office and now it does not work.
Always make sure that the phone line you are plugging into when visiting somewhere is an analog line not a digital one. Plugging into a digital line can permanently damage your modem, requiring a replacement unit. To avoid these situations please contact the local site phone support personnel.
Q5 Why cant I get a 56Kb V.90 connection from some locations that I go to?
Here are some of the reasons why you might not get a 56K connection:
1. You are located more than 3 ½ miles from your telephone companys central office (CO).
2. A SLICK or Subscriber Loop System is used in your area.
3. You are calling from a digital PBX system, which creates a Digital to Analog conversion and then an Analog to Digital conversion.
4. Your line contains digital pads or Robbed Bit Signaling (RBS), which can degrade your connection speeds.
5. Your wiring may be of poor quality.
6. Your modem’s firmware may not be up-to-date. Check that your modem has the newest V.90 code installed with all the patches from the vendor’s web site.
Q6 Why cant I get higher speed on my 56K v.90 modem into some NAG?
Here are some possible reasons:
1. A 56k v.90 modem is asymmetric by design where download speed can be as much as 56k but upload speed will be up to 33.6bps. For 56k to work, there must be only one analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion in your local phone loop. Thus when modems at both ends are analogue, 56k speeds will never be achieved as most PSTN exchanges run digital routing between the exchanges.
2. Some NAG sites use analog phone lines with Cisco and standard 56k modems, and most PC’s dial-ups use a similar modem. Between the two modems, it limits the download speed to about 33.6kbps maximum.
3. Also, many users might experience lower connection speeds due to other reasons, such as more poor line quality. These factors will also contribute to the quality and speed of the line.
(4) VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide
Q1 If you are getting the message “Unable to Resolve the IP address of the Remote Server. Verify the Host Name in the destination field is correct.” when trying to connect with the Extranet Client.
Try pinging your destination name (Example: VPN.something.com) and if it fails call your ISP to make sure that their DNS is functioning correctly.
Q2 Why do I get No Domain Available when dialing my ISP?
On your Internet Service Providers (ISP) dial connection. Right click the mouse and select the properties button. Click on the Server Type tab and make sure that the Log On To Network box is unchecked.
Q3 Why do I seem to be running slowly through my VPN connection?
Try turning off the Software Compression option on your Internet Service Providers (ISP) dial connection as the VPN client has it’s own compression. Right click the mouse and select the properties button. Click on the Server Type tab and uncheck the
Q4 I keep getting busy signals when trying to connect to my ISP, what should I do?
Contact your ISP giving the numbers you are trying to connect to. Many times you will find that can give you an alternate number not published yet that will work just fine. If not you may need to find another ISP that provides better service.
Q5 When configuring the dial icon for my ISP what should I put in the DNS/WINS settings?
Your ISP should supply you with the DNS/WINS settings of your dial connection. Most only give you DNS, in this case just leave the WINS settings blank.
Q6 Why when I load the Extranet Client on my PC and Winpoet is installed on my machine it crashes or does not work properly?
There are issues running Winpoet software on the PC with the Nortel Extranet (VPN) Client.
To repair your system, boot in safe mode and uninstall the Winpoet Software.
A simple solution is to install the Linksys BEFSR41 hardware router. It has a firmware PPPOE connector, which eliminates Winpoet from the PC and provides the added benefit a NAT firewall with the ability to hook up to three other PCs.
A second option is to find a PPPOE Client that does not interfere with VPN Clients.
Please See Your VPN Doctor for Picture Guide and further Details.
Need a Qiuck Fix, Tool, Trick or Tip? Your VPN Doctor has the Cure!
Free Graphics of Dog Paw Prints
Whether their dogs are big Black Labrador Retrievers or tiny brown Chihuahuas, dog lovers enjoy using dog-centered graphics. And all dog lovers seem to like free graphics of dog paw prints. You like them, but where can you find free graphics of dog paw prints?
Computer Software Programs
Many software programs offer free graphics of dog paw prints. Two examples:
1. Microsoft Word and Microsoft Publisher both produce several free graphics of dog paw prints simply by selecting “Insert, picture, clipart” from the menu and typing “paw print” into the search box. If you want free graphics of dogs, you can use the same procedure and search on “dog”.
2. Adobe PhotoShop offers free graphics of dog paw prints in any size and color you want. On the tool bar, select the “custom shape tool” and browse for the paw print you want. If you cannot find the dog paw print, click the arrow at the top right of the shape selection box, and append “animals”.
3. Do a search of your whole computer for any graphics type files that contain the word “paw” and you may find hidden free graphics of dog paw prints where you least expect them.
Internet Websites
The Internet will often yield free graphics of dog paw prints.
1. Fuzzy Faces website has a wide array from which to choose. Don’t like red, white, and blue. Import their free graphics of dog paw prints into your own graphics program and change the colors. Change the size, too, to meet your needs.
2. Abquisto Graphics has free graphics of dog paw prints in the form of buttons or bars for your web site.
3. Bullwrinkle.com offers a font of free graphics of dog paw prints. Each paw print has a letter on it, so you can type words with paw prints. Simply visit their site, copy the file paw.ttf to your Windows/fonts directory. Then open your text editor and select “Ennobled Pet”.
4. Hiox India offers free graphics of dog paw prints in 48 different colors! They make provision for you to test colors on a different background, too, with a simple mouse click.
5. If you visit My Flint River Dog, you will find free graphics of dog paw prints for use on your personal or commercial web site.
Do-It-Yourself
The best way to get distinctive free graphics of dog paw prints is to do it yourself – assuming you own a dog. Use non-toxic children’s finger paints and white cardstock. Dip your dog’s paw into the paint, and place it on clean cardstock, pushing slightly to get a clear print. You can repeat as often as necessary until you get a good clean print.
Take your dog print and scan it into your computer. You can now produce various sized free graphics of dog paw prints.
Make It a Project
Collecting free graphics of dog paw prints can be fun. Get together with other dog owners and help each other make dog prints with finger paints. Appoint one person to collect all the prints (labeled as to whose dog made them and the breed name), and scan them. Then share the results. You will have many sizes.
The New Wave of Digital Fabric Printing Technology
Historical review in textile printing
Textile printing is a method by which fabrics are printed in various colors, arts and designs. It is a very old art developed and created on fabrics in Egypt during 5000 B.C. Fabrics also found printed in Greek during 4th century. B.C, also it is noted that printing blocks were sourced from India in 5th century. B.C. During that time, France acknowledged as popular center of this type of cloth production and printing. Japan was popular for adding stencil work in wood by making blocks and further by pasting dies and prints it in fabrics.
In the Mid-15th Century, with the invention of printing press by John Gutenberg there was a drastic change seen in printing technology and textile printing. After practicing by William Caxton in England, there was a remarkable widespread seen in relief printing technology in 1476. In sixteen and seventeen century with the export of spices, India became major provider of printing fabrics and products, like calico, pajama, gingham, dungaree, chintz and khaki according to the requirement of European countries. Then by the efforts by Grant, Thomas Bell and many printers, with the invention of wood block (1760), copper block (1770) and copper roller (1797) printing technology in the eighteenth century, especially the trend of cotton printing spread, still it can be seen at the Toile de Jouy Museum.
The history of fabric printing in Dartford goes away with Augustus Applegath’s acceptance of a silk printing works in the town and it sustained until 1865 when James Keymer established a new fabric printing works on the banks of the River Darent. In 1907 Samuel Simon was used a fabric printing system in which the designs were shaped from stencils through screen printing machines. In 1940′s first photographic stencil was built up by Colin Sharp. After development of computers, the printing process and its developments geared up in their colors.
Development in last two decades
With the improvement in the printing technology, color inkjet printers played an important role in digital fabrics for the consumer market in the late 1980s. That time Canon and Hewlett-Packard became leaders in the printing technology. Canon’s Bubble Jet printers were received so acceptance in the market. Again latest technology geared up in their improvement with the existence of a large format color inkjet printer – the Iris printer in the 1990s, but that technology was not considered as ideal tool for the fabrics due to light sensitive color problem, rather it was accepted for paper printing.
Earlier, direct printing method used for fabric with the computer and the printing is made with the computer inks; it was the time where fabric was printed using only black images or text because of the availability of only laser printers and ribbon printers and there were no color printers. In 1999 Bubble Jet Set printing technology developed, which permits fabric to be treated, amalgamated to freezer paper with an iron and then operate through an ink jet printer.
The meaning of Digital fabric/Textile Printing
The digital fabrics printing technology is existed since last decade, it emerged after 1994. It is a skill that prints the designs on fabric, immediately from your computer, without extra efforts just like printing and designing a paper. Digital textile printing is a flexible tool and a key acceptable to the vision of mass customization. It permits the user to evade the screen making process, offering the chance for quick changes to color or design elements prior to printing.
Advantages of digital fabric printing over traditional printing technology
Generally, textile printing has been operated through transferring media, such as screens and rollers. Each transferring media is designed and allocated for a specific color. A block printing and engraved copper printing are operating through these methods. A number of woodblocks that are designed in block printing give a number of colors in design. Advantage of using this type of method is that you can have three dimensional effects due to its color separation and layers, and still today rotary screen printing method is used in designing of traditional floral patterns and toile designs. Mechanical or traditional fabric printing methods some times manipulate in both way, by design aesthetics and styles, while in the field of printed textile design with the latest digital fabric printing technology it enhanced the style and meaning of printed textile design. It is a fact that the new latest methods of digital printing on fabrics have exposed new horizons to the designers and manufacturers. Digital printing methods have facilitated manufactures to make a digital sampling and have advantages of change in designs before engraving. By adopting digital printing techniques you can re-adjust conventional printing design and can able to give new looks in design.
Today, many customers are demanding fabrics to be printed with various color combinations, styles, designs, traditional designs and looks, but to co-up with these customization demands there has been a limitation to attend the entire mass market with traditional printing technology. Digital printing profits over conventional printing it provide noteworthy benefits like quick turn-around, efficient set-up and speed, economical and great flexibility, takes less time, alteration possible etc. And in today’s customer oriented market the printing technology is not limited to wearing wears; but it bounds to its limits and reaches to the requirements of trade show graphics, picture of huge fabric posters of television and movie stars, advertising purposes, flags and banners and many mores.
Unlike any traditional textile printing technology, the main benefit of digital fabric printing is in its process color application with its latest printers, software applications. Photographic and tonal graphics shaped millions of colors with Photoshop and can be printed on fabric according to the color combination requirement. Wider color scope and finer printing quality are available with the latest development of inks, color management software. In the traditional process colors of CMYK, you can have various color combination with addition of extra preset colors like orange, blue, green, and also there is availability of various type of software with these complex color combination. These preset colors reduce importance of screens or rollers for printing, and there is no need of repeat the size and other combination with no limit with color combinations in designs.
From digital textile printing technology you can have latest innovative and creative deigns like concepts of shadow, shimmering, vibration, reflection, moire, optical, translucent, netting, blurring, layering, superimposing, etc., instead of making special efforts with traditional methods of printing. Today, the printing technology developed so tremendously and became so eco-friendly, user-friendly that, even designers can make its products without taking help from textile designers.
Digital Printing Advantages
. Design achieved with greater flexibility, without the limitation of on repeat size, colors, engineered designs and gets outstanding depiction of continuous tone (photographic) images
. The digital printing equipment not requires much infrastructure and it is comparatively available in less cost
. Drastically trim down time to market the products
. It also decrease the use of water, dyes & solutions hence acts as an environmentally friendly tool
. It decreases industrial waste and print loss, provides centralize manufacturing facility
. Mass customization requirements easily available in short time
. Availability of fast greater speed of operation, high resolution / drop Size & configuration with spot colors combination or color control without lack of standards
Types of digital fabric printing technologies
There are various types of digital printing technology available in market like thermal DOD Ink jet
Piezoelectric DOD ink jet, airbrush/valve jet, electrostatic (sublimation & resin), thermal transfer, electro photography (Laser, LED), photographic development, continuous ink jet (CIJ) etc.
DOD Ink jet fabric printing method: DOD Ink jet printing method bring a drop of ink or dyes only when needed for printing that is why it is called drops on demand ( DOD ), i.e. it works on the principal “only when and where required in the design” . This system works as environment friendly, because of its “no paste, no waste “method, and the complete color reaches to the fabric.
Piezoelectric DOD ink jet fabric printing method: It uses electrostatic forces for arrangement and spraying of micro drops of inks or dyes in fabric printing. Here high voltages are applied to piezoelectric crystals for producing directional current. The advantage of using this methods are it formulation directional ink, where inks not heated , hence less expensive, printing heads works at its cycles per second and provides high resolution by applying small drop size of inks or dyes.
Electrostatic Sublimation Transfer Printing : Sublimation is a method whereby a solid dyes turns exactly into a gas without passing through a liquid state, can be transferred to a fabric (e.g. polyester) and re-solidify as a solid color again. Dye sublimation is a two-step process that needs additional equipment to the electrostatic printers for dye-sub. Also it requires a special paper for heating at the heat press; electrostatic printer. It is also called sublimation transfer printing. These inks or dyes can be printed onto paper from either a silkscreen process or from printers attached with ribbons with the sublimation inks. These papers then can transmit images onto fabrics.
Direct ink jet transfer method: The direct ink jet transfer method is direct transfer, or printing directly onto fabric with an inkjet printer. This process expensive and the fabrics require to be coated in order to effectively allow the inks or dyes.
Continuous ink jet fabric printing method: The ink is constantly pushed out of the ink channel by a pump by a nozzle attached with a PZT material and it generates an “ink-jet”. Using an electrical power on the PZT material, the nozzle shakes, breaches the ink jet into droplets of ink and used for printing fabrics. Continuous ink jet fabric printing method also available with its binary hertz operation and multi-deflection system.
Software application in digital fabric printing: For digital fabric printing Color management Systems (CMS, Calibration), Raster Image Processor (RIP), printer driver software, design lay out software (CAD), etc are widely used.
Development in printing equipment
At present Ichinose ImageProofer, Stork Amethyst, Dupont Artistri2020, Mimaki TX2-1600, Encad, NovaJet 880, Zimmer Chromotex, ColorSpan, FabriJet, Aprion Magic, Leggett and Platt Virtuetc, Imaje-Osiris, Reggiani DReAM, Robustelli Mona Lisa, Leggett & Platt UV-dye, Mimaki TX2 & TX 3 etc latest printers or equipment with their developed brand name or version are widely using for getting effective results.
Latest digital inks: Today most fabric printers or manufacturers uses reactive & acids in various colors, dispersed inks, finishing inks for light, color, pigments etc. Ink specialist such as Ciba Specialty Chemicals, DuPont, Dystar ( BASF), CHT, Lyson, Brookline, ECS and Kimberly Clark have developed digital form of conventional dyes such as reactive, acid, disperse and pigment. These inks permit printers to make prints on their specific type of fabrics.
According to Ray Work of DuPont, the worldwide market for textile chemicals is at $22 billion, of which around 36% is dyes and pigments. Finishing and coatings includes 38%. A foremost improved, according to Work, is that now almost every type of fabric can be digitally printed by ink jet, be grateful to progress in inks
For DuPont Artistri 2020 Printer DuPont Artistri 700 Series Ink is (acid dye ink chemistry) used for Nylon, Nylon/Lycra, Silk, Wool. For Polyester, Nylon, Nylon/Lycra processing disperse dye ink is used, for Cotton, Polyester, Cotton/Poly Blends, Viscose/Rayon Linen, Nylon*, Nylon/Lycra, Silk, Wool pigmented ink chemistry available. DuPont Solar Brite Ink is used especially for active wear, swimwear, intimate apparel, flags and accessories.
Digital textile printing technology in present market
For digital textile printing technology, there are three types of demands exists in market, which are sampling, strike-off, and mass customization.
Sampling: The sampling demand involves printing on paper and fabrics with an intimate concentration and compliance to the usual screen printing which is used for manufacturing.
Strike-off: Strike-off is a product of sample for a single, salable item for markets such as luxury, entertainment, or special events.
Mass customization: Mass customization is the third main products area and it creates an immense deal of concentration by mass customers.
The future markets: Besides the above existed segment, the digital fabric printing technology will be booming with their batch production printing and low volume demand fabric printing.
Its industry size is calculated: 300,000 Retailer “Doors” and 20,000+ Manufacturer “Doors”,
400 Companies Manufacture 80% of all apparel,
Apparel & Related Volume is $180B,
All Others’ Goods represent $36B.
Textile Printing Trends
The world wide trends: Decline in US print production, there seems growth of Asian print production and decreasing production run lengths, demand for greater design variety, demand for shorter production cycles and demand for reduced inventory risk.
Cotton is the most frequently printed material (48% of printing production), followed by cotton/polyester blends (19%), polyester (15%), and viscose (13%). From a worldwide viewpoint, other material (e.g. polyamide, polyacrylic, wool and silk) involve with a little part.
Prospecting Market
There are a range of new textile industry products you can print with digital printing, which covers wall covering, Info-banners, car covers, artworks, and flags and including museums, galleries, and exhibitors for multi disciplinary products, used in printing of education system or related products and there are many prospects for both direct and transfer digital printing e.g. for printing mouse pads ( new fabric surfaces and base materials), apparel prototyping for spot color, linking prototyping to production, and digitally-generated screens etc.
Digital textile production has been increasing at about 13% worldwide. The worldwide volume of digitally-printed textiles has been reaching about 44 million square meters by 2005. Duo to the high quality performance, in short time the availability of products, multidiscipline design, eco-friendly , cost- effective , etc advantages in digital textile printing technology, there exits a new market opportunities for this technology and it will be applicable to, backgrounds printing, scenes for theaters, film studios, photographers, music and sports events, road shows, parades, high profile catering, presidential campaigns, promotion organizers, advertising agencies, universities, churches, parties, for hanging signs, displays systems, packing, for sampling, for prototyping and new designs sampling, short run production, for interior designers to make curtains, upholstery, table cloth, bed ware etc.
Bad Pool Header – How to Fix the Blue Screen Bad Pool Header Error
Any computer owner who has ever used Windows has likely experienced the Blue Screen of Death (BSoD). While the frequency of the BSoD has been decreasing over the years with the development of newer operating systems, it still occurs enough to be bothersome to millions of people. So, what exactly is the Blue Screen of Death? I’m glad you asked.
The BSoD, or a ‘Windows Stop Error’, is an operating system error that occurs any time Windows senses that either a software, hardware or driver error has occurred and it cannot recover from the error. The entire operating system shuts down and diagnostic information is then displayed for you on a blue screen, hence the term ‘blue screen of death’. Most of the time, it is merely a glitch in the system and a simple reboot of your machine clears it up…..if you’re lucky. If you see the blue screen and the error is labeled as “BAD_POOL_HEADER”, it is likely that you have a bigger problem on your hands and a simple reboot cannot fix it.
If you experience the Windows blue screen on occasion and do a reboot to get rid of it, you could be doing more harm than good. By rebooting each time, you are simply ignoring the problem. Overtime, this can – and will – develop into something that will become unfixable. As the problems multiply, your computer will begin performing poorly, you will experience erratic behavior and your computer will begin freezing. Stemming from that, you will encounter hardware failure resulting in significant data loss and file corruption. The last step is a complete system failure where your machine will be rendered useless.
By now, I am sure you are wondering how to fix this error, right? By hand, the process can be quite complicated, even if you have a ton of free hours to manually go through your machine and are willing to take a stab at correcting the problem, which likely won’t work unless you have access to the appropriate software. Or, you could send your computer and your hard-earned cash to a computer repair shop. Or, better yet, you could just throw your computer away with all your irreplaceable information on it and splurge on a new PC. You’ve got a couple thousand dollars laying around, right? Didn’t think so. It seems you should take the smart approach and, for a reasonable price, purchase registry cleaner software to take care of this problem with a simple scan and a few clicks of your mouse.
Why would registry cleaner software be the solution you need? Well, that’s simple. Almost every time a user experiences a stop error (BSoD), the culprit is a corrupt registry. The registry on your machine is, essentially, its brain. It tells the operating system how to function properly and contains all the data required to do so – even something as simple as opening your Start Menu. Each piece of software and hardware on your computer has the ability to add, remove, or overwrite that data. So, you can see how one small bit of corruption can start a chain reaction and lead to the fatal Blue Screen of Death.
Therefore, it goes to show that in order to remedy this problem, you need an efficient and reliable registry cleaner. Not only will it correct any currently corrupted files, but it can ensure that none will be corrupted in the future. The benefits? All the useless information, error logs, and extraneous data once stored in your registry will be gone and your computer will perform like it did the day you took it out of the box!
Commercial Brokers Permanent Working Capital Surveillance Cameras
Choosing a Presentation Remote Control
If you deliver electronic presentations using PowerPoint or other programs, you can manually move forward to the next slide with the keyboard or the mouse. One way, however, to deliver more effective presentations that improve your connection to your audience is to add a remote control to your presentation tools. What features should you look for when selecting a remote control?
Remote Features
Many projectors come standard with a remote but features vary and may not always be easy to use. A better choice is to buy your own personal presentation remote control. When evaluating a remote, look for these features and decide what is important to you:
Ergonomic and easily fits in your hand. Keep in mind that you might be using the remote for an hour or an entire day. Plus, a smaller remote will usually have fewer and more accessible buttons, fits in your pocket, and is great for travel.
Simple to use. In most cases, a smaller, ergonomic remote is easy to use but test it before buying. One of my friends loves her small remote which is only about the size of a matchbook. The tradeoff is she needs to press 2 buttons together to make the screen go black, a feature that does not always work. I was reminded of the importance of an easy to use remote recently when I watched an excellent presenter pull out a huge remote that looked a price scanner gun from Home Depot. As he fumbled with a large panel of buttons, the remote dropped to the floor and broke open with batteries flying across the stage.
Transmit distance. Remotes operate with three different technologies: RF (wireless radio frequency), IR (infrared), and Bluetooth. A huge drawback with IR remotes is that you need to point the mouse directly at the receiver for it to work. Bluetooth remotes use the latest technology but currently have a maximum range of about 30′ while many RF remotes have a range of 50 to 100 feet. With some remotes, you can have your back to the laptop and move to the middle of an audience. What do you need for your presentations?
Built-in mouse. Some presenters will sacrifice a bit in size to get a built-in mouse, usually a small button like you see on some laptops. Other remotes have a track ball or a touch pad. I prefer a separate wireless mouse that I use for portions of my presentations. I find a built-in mouse to be too awkward but it might be great for your purposes.
Visible laser pointer. If you would like a built-in laser pointer, make sure to test it for visibility and practice moving it slowly. Some of the pointers have such a small laser dot that it does not show well on-screen. Would an animation be a better way to highlight parts of a slide or a process?
While you can locate some remotes at your local computer store or office supply outlet, your best option may be to find someone who has a remote and try it out. My favorite is the RemotePoint Navigator ( www.rpnav.com ) which is easy to use, fits comfortably in my hand, and gives me up to 50′ of movement from my laptop. I’ve owned this remote for 10 years now but it is still reliable. Another great remote for about $80 is the Logitech Professional Presenter R800 ( www.logitech.com ) which includes a green laser and a cool timer which vibrates to tell you when your presentation time is up.
There are many other models and brands to consider. Personally, I do not like remotes loaded with tons of features that you might not need; these remotes are typically bigger or more complicated to use. Remember, you should be using a remote so that you do not call attention to the technology and your audience can focus on your content.
Practicing with a Remote Control
After you buy a remote, practice with it before you use it. Do not just try it at your desk, you need to also setup your laptop and remote and actually run through your presentation. The first time I did this, the screen kept going black or I would accidentally advance to the next slide. The problem wasn’t with the remote. The problem was that I was holding my presentation handout in the same hand and accidentally hitting a remote button through the handout. An easy adjustment but not obvious if my only rehearsal was in my office. I personally like to choreograph my slide actions into my presentation notes to avoiding looking back at the projection screen to check my location. Or, setup your laptop in the meeting room so you can glance at the screen and still keep the connection with your audience.
Practicing with your remote should be a built-in part of your presentation rehearsal to avoid distracting your audience and accomplishing the goal of communicating your message.
Bonus Tips: Always bring extra batteries; many speakers change out batteries for every presentation. To protect your investment, label the remote or put several business cards in the carrying case in the event that your remote is misplaced.
Causes and Treatment of Right Shoulder Pain
Pain in the right shoulder could be from several factors. If you have right shoulder pain, seek out your primary care provider for a diagnosis, and treatment options. Indications of right shoulder pain vary in relation to the exact spot where the injury or disease occurred.
Three joints and three bones make up the shoulder region: the humerus (upper arm), collarbone and scapula (shoulder blade). A group of muscles and related tendons called the rotator cuff, attach to the shoulder joint. In addition to the ligaments, tendons and muscles that surround the shoulder joint and bones, there are small fluid-filled sacs that give people smooth muscle movement. These sacs are called bursa.
Shoulder pain can be caused by any of these structures. Trauma, overuse, or infection can cause inflammation of the bursa or bursitis. A painful inflammation of the joints, widely known as arthritis, can be caused by osteoarthritis (depreciation). Arthritis can also be caused by a reaction from the body’s immune system that results in inflammation. Strains or sprains to the muscles and tendons around the rotator cuff are the cause of rotator cuff syndrome. A tear in the tendons can also be the cause of rotator cuff syndrome. An intense pain in the shoulder can also be caused by a break or dislocation.
Specifically to the right shoulder, there may be other reasons which are not linked to the shoulder itself could give rise pain to the right shoulder. Cited pain, or pain giving symptoms in different body region or organ, could come out as pain in the right shoulder part.An heated gallbladder or gallstones penetrating the canals could cause pain under the right shoulder blade. Liver disease or duodenal (small intestine) ulcer may also leads right shoulder pain.
If you get shoulder pain, you ought to look for assistance from a medical professional if home care remedies do not relieve the pain, if you have sustained an injury or if you have intense pain. To commence the assessment of the problem, a physical examination will be done.
The range of movement of arm and shoulder must be checked to find out if any certain position or motion causes any pain or to see if the shoulder is not able to move. The shoulder will be examined for areas of weakness, tenderness, deformity, or muscle wasting. Depending on physical exam determinations, more testing might be conducted.
A variety of diagnostic tests may be performed to assess the damage to the shoulder. X-rays can show fractures, breaks and other abnormalities of the bones in the shoulder. Imagining tests such as an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computerized tomography) scan allow doctors to see the soft tissues of the shoulder joint, as well as the bones. Nerve damage may be found through an electromyogram (EMG) test. Sometimes right shoulder pain is the result of referred pain. Doctors will check out other body systems as well.
After you have found the reason for your shoulder pain, you and your medical professional can discuss the appropriate treatment options. Pain that involved the shoulder itself will be addressed directly. Most often you will find that you can treat your shoulder pain with non-invasive treatment methods.
Non-surgical treatment comprises of rest from exasperating activities or use of a sling to sustain the shoulder; easy exercise or physiotherapy to improve muscle strength and flexibility; medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, to alleviate inflammation and pain; or even a corticosteroid injection into the painful region to lessen inflammation.
Surgery may be required to treat some conditions that manifest themselves through shoulder pain. Arthroscopic surgery is one type of procedure that is commonly used. This type of surgery uses very small incisions and tiny instruments to diagnose problems that may not be picked up through routine testing. There are other situations, however, in which conventional open surgery may be needed to end shoulder pain.
Lasting Impressions Foam Reviews – Reviews About Different Mattresses
It makes no sense to consider a particular mattress to be comfortable at all as the competition between the manufacturing companies has made the comparison a ginormous challenge. This has also caused a frustration as you can’t realize what should you choose, i.e. the spring mattress to have the traditional bedding of all times? Or you need something to make you feel natural like latex? Or should you go for the mattress that has the good back support like memory foam? The only problem is that the desire to get the required comfort is a bit diverse. Like you have the spring mattress, the flavor of comfort what latex presents can’t be tasted in the spring mattress. Same is the case with the other mattresses too. Here we will discuss different types of mattresses according to the lasting impressions foam reviews.
If you are thinking about the economical mattress purchase, the spring mattress might be the right choice. Though, there are many other spring mattresses in the market which are expensive but as compared to the other mattresses made by different techniques, these are still less expensive.
According to the lasting impressions foam reviews, most of the people have generally pointed the spring mattress being just okay for the ‘not bad’ night sleep. At least you will not feel like your money to be wasted when you feel your spring mattress to be invalid for the further use after a bit comfortable use.
According to the lasting impressions foam reviews, more people have noticed the memory foam and the latex foam mattresses to be more reliable than any other mattress types. The memory foam can last up to 15 years whereas the latex usage prolongs about more than 25 years.
Talking about the latex and the memory foam mattress in the comfort concerns, lasting impressions foam reviews will not position any of the two higher but the different opinions by the people might help you getting the right mattress of your needs.
There is no point of comparison between the night sleep having a natural and non-allergic feeling with latex or the dream time in which you enjoy the full back support with a memory foam mattress.
But generally and according to the lasting impressions foam reviews, the latex is more likely to be purchased as it is even more durable.
The Comforts of Using Construction Computer Software
Construction Computer Software is designed to be helpful in constructing a a building using the computer as a vital organizational tool.
The process of using Construction Computer Software mainly constitutes the estimations of a project and its billing, handling the bids for a project, accept, reject or fulfilling of orders, the time frame given for the completion of a project, including as to how and when a project should be completed and all other things that are necessary for the success, execution and further maintenance of any building project.
The estimations of a project include the detailed specifications of the home or office being built and the terms and conditions of the contracts between the client and the service providers. These calculations about the specifications of a project are automatically generated by this software. It is useful as it does not require paper work to be done and everything is done electronically.
This software helps in improving the accuracy of a project by providing all input and output reports of a projects and the time and scheduling required by a project to be completed, all by itself. So, it is also a time saving method to design any projects. It has the following five phases, namely:
o Requirement analysis phase
o Design phase
o Implementation phase
o Testing and Verification phase
o Deployment and Maintenance phase
These phases help to program a rough sketch of a project which is designed, implemented, tested for verification, modifications, updating and is maintained accordingly. This Construction Computer Software is very much in demand because of its efficient and accurate working.